1. Mapombi ekuchaja ndiwo michina yekuwedzera simba remotokari itsva dzesimba, uye kune mutsauko mukugadzirwa kwenyika nekunze kwenyika.
1.1. Murwi wekuchaja mudziyo wekuwedzera simba remotokari itsva dzesimba
Murwi wekuchaja mudziyo wemotokari itsva dzinoshandisa simba remagetsi kuwedzera simba remagetsi. Kumotokari itsva dzinoshandisa simba remagetsi, ndizvo zvakaita nzvimbo yemafuta pamotokari itsva. Marongerwo uye mashandisirwo emapombi ekuchaja anochinjika kupfuura nzvimbo dzemafuta, uye mhando dzacho dzakapfumawo. Zvichienderana nefomu rekuisa, inogona kukamurwa kuita mapombi ekuchaja akaiswa pamadziro, mapombi ekuchaja akamira, mapombi ekuchaja anofambiswa, nezvimwewo, zvakakodzera mafomu akasiyana enzvimbo;
Zvichienderana nekurongwa kwezvinoitika pakushandiswa, zvinogona kukamurwa kuita mirwi yekuchaja yeruzhinji, mirwi yekuchaja yakakosha, mirwi yekuchaja yakavanzika, nezvimwewo. Mirwi yekuchaja yeruzhinji inopa mabasa ekuchaja yeruzhinji kune veruzhinji, uye mirwi yekuchaja chaiyo inowanzo shanda mukati mekambani yekuvaka mirwi, nepo mirwi yekuchaja yakazvimirira yakaiswa mumirwi yekuchaja yakavanzika. Nzvimbo dzekupaka, hadzina kuvhurirwa veruzhinji;
Zvichienderana nekukasira kwekuchaja (simba rekuchaja), inogona kukamurwa kuita mirwi yekuchaja nekukurumidza uye mirwi yekuchaja inononoka; zvichienderana nekukasira kwetekinoroji yekuchaja, inogona kukamurwa kuita mirwi yekuchaja yeDC uye mirwi yekuchaja yeAC. Kazhinji, mirwi yekuchaja yeDC ine simba rekuchaja rakakwirira uye kumhanya kwekuchaja nekukurumidza, nepo mirwi yekuchaja yeAC ichichaja zvishoma nezvishoma.
MuUnited States, mapombi ekuchaja anowanzo kamurwa kuita mazinga akasiyana zvichienderana nesimba, pakati pawo Level 1 neDanho rechipiriKazhinji ma "AC charging piles" anokodzera mota dzinenge dzese itsva dzinoshandisa simba, nepo "tributary fast charging" isingakodzeri mota dzese itsva dzinoshandisa simba, uye Mhando dzakasiyana dzinotorwa zvichibva pane zvakasiyana-siyana zve "interface standards" zvakaita seJ1772, CHAdeMO, Tesla, nezvimwewo.
Parizvino, hapana chiyero chekubatanidza charging chakabatanidzwa zvizere pasi rose. Mitemo mikuru yekubatanidza inosanganisira GB/T yeChina, CHAOmedo yeJapan, IEC 62196 yeEuropean Union, SAE J1772 yeUnited States, uye IEC 62196.
1.2. Kukura kwemotokari itsva dzemagetsi uye rubatsiro rwemitemo zvinotungamira kukura kwakasimba kwemapombi ekuchaja munyika yangu
Bhizinesi remotokari dzemagetsi idzva renyika yangu riri kukura nekukurumidza. Mota dzemagetsi itsva dzenyika yangu dziri kuramba dzichikura, kunyanya kubvira muna 2020, huwandu hwemotokari dzemagetsi itsva hwawedzera nekukurumidza, uye panosvika 2022 huwandu hwemotokari dzemagetsi itsva hwapfuura 25%. Huwandu hwemotokari dzemagetsi itsva hucharamba huchiwedzerawo. Zvichienderana nenhamba dzeMinistry of Public Security, huwandu hwemotokari dzemagetsi itsva kusvika kuhuwandu hwemotokari dzese muna 2022 huchasvika 4.1%.
Hurumende yakaburitsa mitemo yakati wandei yekutsigira kuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yekuchaja mirwi. Kutengeswa uye kuva muridzi wemotokari itsva dzemagetsi munyika yangu kuri kuramba kuchikura, uye nekudaro, kudiwa kwenzvimbo dzekuchaja kuri kuramba kuchikura. Panyaya iyi, dunhu nemadhipatimendi emunharaunda akakodzera vakaburitsa mitemo yakati wandei yekusimudzira kuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yekuchaja mirwi, kusanganisira rutsigiro rwemitemo nenhungamiro, rubatsiro rwemari, uye zvinangwa zvekuvaka.
Nekukura kuri kuramba kuchiita mota itsva dzemagetsi uye kukurudzira mitemo, huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja munyika yangu huri kuramba huchikura. Kubva muna Kubvumbi 2023, huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja munyika yangu hwasvika mamiriyoni 6.092. Pakati pawo, huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja eruzhinji hwakawedzera ne52% gore negore kusvika mamiriyoni 2.025, ayo mapombi ekuchaja eDC aive 42% uyeMirwi yekuchaja yeACZvichienderana ne58%. Sezvo mapombi ekuchaja epachivande achiwanzounganidzwa nemotokari, kukura kwevaridzi kwakatokura. Nekukurumidza, nekuwedzera kwegore negore kwe104% kusvika ku4.067 miriyoni mayuniti.
Chiyero chemotokari nematanda munyika yangu i2.5:1, iyo chiyero chemotokari yeruzhinji nematanda chiri 7.3:1. Chiyero chemotokari nematanda, kureva kuti, chiyero chemotokari itsva dzesimba nematanda ekuchaja. Kubva pamaonero ezvinhu zviri mudura, panosvika kuguma kwa2022, chiyero chemotokari nematanda munyika yangu chichava 2.5:1, uye maitiro ese ari kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma, kureva kuti, nzvimbo dzekuchaja dzemotokari itsva dzesimba dziri kuramba dzichivandudzwa. Pakati padzo, chiyero chemotokari dzeruzhinji nematanda i7.3:1, iyo yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pakupera kwa2020. Chikonzero ndechekuti kutengeswa kwemotokari itsva dzesimba kwakura nekukurumidza uye mwero wekukura wapfuura kufambira mberi kwekuvaka kwematanda ekuchaja ehurumende; chiyero chemotokari dzepachivande nematanda i3.8:1, zvichiratidza kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma. Maitiro aya anonyanya kukonzerwa nezvinhu zvakaita sekusimudzirwa kwakanaka kwemitemo yenyika yekusimudzira kuvaka kwematanda ekuchaja epachivande munzvimbo dzekugara.
Panyaya yekupatsanurwa kwemapombi ekuchaja eruzhinji, huwandu hwemapombi eDC eruzhinji: huwandu hwemapombi eAC eruzhinji ≈ 4:6, saka chiyero chemapombi eDC eruzhinji chingangoita 17.2:1, icho chiri chakakwirira kupfuura chiyero chemapombi eAC eruzhinji che12.6:1.
Chiyero chekuwedzera chemotokari kusvika papi chinoratidza mafambiro ekuvandudzika zvishoma nezvishoma. Kubva pamaonero ekuwedzera, sezvo mapombi matsva emwedzi nemwedzi, kunyanya mapombi matsva ehurumende, asina hukama zvakanyanya nekutengesa mota itsva dzemagetsi, ane shanduko huru uye anotungamira kuchinjika kwechiyero chemwedzi nemwedzi chepombi itsva. Nokudaro, kota yega yega caliber inoshandiswa kuverenga chiyero chekuwedzera chemotokari kusvika papi, kureva huwandu hwekutengesa kwemotokari itsva dzemagetsi dzichangowedzerwa: huwandu hwemapombi matsva emagetsi achawedzerwa. Muna 2023Q1, chiyero chemotokari kusvika papi chitsva chakawedzerwa i2.5:1, zvichiratidza kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakati pavo, chiyero chitsva chemotokari kusvika papi chitsva i9.8:1, uye chiyero chemotokari kubva papi chitsva chakawedzerwa i3.4:1, icho chinoratidzawo kuvandudzwa kukuru.
1.3. Kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzekuchaja kunze kwenyika hakuna kukwana, uye mukana wekukura kwesimba iri mukuru.
1.3.1. Europe: Kubudirira kwesimba idzva kwakasiyana, asi pane mipata mumapombi ekuchaja
Mota itsva dzemagetsi muEurope dziri kukura nekukurumidza uye dzine huwandu hwakawanda hwemagetsi anopinda. Europe ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha pakuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza pasi rose. Zvichitungamirirwa nemitemo nemitemo, indasitiri yemotokari itsva dzemagetsi muEurope iri kukura nekukurumidza uye huwandu hwemagetsi matsva anopinda hwakakwira. Yasvika 21.2%.
Chiyero chemotokari nemotokari muEurope chakakwira, uye pane musiyano mukuru munzvimbo dzekuchaja. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hweIEA, chiyero chezviteshi zvemotokari zveveruzhinji muEurope chichava 14.4:1 muna 2022, izvo zviteshi zvemotokari zveveruzhinji zvichangove 13%. Kunyangwe musika wemotokari itsva dzemagetsi muEurope uri kukura nekukurumidza, kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzekuchaja dzinoenderana kwaderera zvishoma, uye kune matambudziko akadai senzvimbo shoma dzekuchaja uye kumhanya kwekuchaja kunononoka.
Kukura kwesimba idzva hakuna kuenzana pakati penyika dzemuEurope, uye chiyero chemotokari dzeveruzhinji nemapombi chakasiyanawo. Panyaya yekupatsanurana, Norway neSweden dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwesimba idzva, zvichisvika 73.5% uye 49.1% zvichiteerana muna 2022, uye chiyero chemotokari dzeveruzhinji nemapombi munyika mbiri idzi chakakwirawo kupfuura avhareji yeEurope, ichisvika 32.8:1 uye 25.0 zvichiteerana: 1.
Germany, United Kingdom, neFrance ndidzo nyika dzinotengesa mota dzakawanda muEurope, uye huwandu hwemagetsi matsva hunopindawo hwakakwira. Muna 2022, huwandu hwemagetsi matsva hunopinda muGermany, United Kingdom, neFrance huchasvika 28.2%, 20.3%, uye 17.3%, zvichiteerana, uye huwandu hwemotokari dzeveruzhinji huchava 24.5:1, 18.8:1, uye 11.8:1, zvichiteerana.
Panyaya dzemitemo, European Union nenyika zhinji dzemuEurope dzakatanga mitemo yekukurudzira kana mitemo yerubatsiro rwekubhadharisa ine chekuita nekuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzekubhadharisa kuti vakurudzire kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzekubhadharisa.
1.3.2. United States: Nzvimbo dzekuchaja dzinofanira kuvandudzwa nekukasika, uye hurumende nemabhizinesi anoshanda pamwe chete
Semumwe wemisika mikuru yemotokari pasi rose, United States yafambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma mune zvemagetsi matsva kupfuura China neEurope. Muna 2022, kutengeswa kwemotokari itsva dzemagetsi kuchapfuura miriyoni imwe chete, nenhamba yekupinda kwemotokari inosvika 7.0%.
Panguva imwe chete, kufambira mberi kwemusika wezvirongo zvekuchaja veruzhinji muUnited States kuri kunonokawo, uye nzvimbo dzekuchaja veruzhinji hadzina kupera. Muna 2022, chiyero chemotokari dzeveruzhinji nezvirongo muUnited States chichava 23.1:1, uye zvirongo zvekuchaja veruzhinji zvichave 21.9%.
United States nedzimwe nyika dzakapawo mazano ekusimudzira nzvimbo dzekuchaja, kusanganisira chirongwa chehurumende yeUS chekuvaka mapombi ekuchaja mazana mashanu ezviuru zvemadhora ekuAmerica anokwana mabhiriyoni manomwe nehafu emadhora ekuAmerica. Huwandu hwemari inowanikwa kumatunhu ari pasi pechirongwa cheNEVI imadhora mazana matanhatu negumi nemashanu emamiriyoni muna FY 2022 uye mamiriyoni mazana masere nemakumi masere nemashanu emadhora muna FY 2023. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mapombi ekuchaja ari kutora chikamu muchirongwa chehurumende yeUS anofanira kugadzirwa muUnited States (kusanganisira maitiro ekugadzira akadai sedzimba nekugadzira), uye panosvika Chikunguru 2024, mari inosvika 55% yezvikamu zvese inofanira kubva kuUnited States.
Kuwedzera kune zvinokurudzira mutemo, makambani ekuchaja mirwi nemakambani emotokari akakurudzirawo kuvaka nzvimbo dzekuchaja, kusanganisira kuvhurwa kwechikamu chenetwork yekuchaja neTesla, uye ChargePoint, BP nedzimwe makambani emotokari achishandira pamwe mukuisa nekuvaka mirwi.
Makambani mazhinji anochaja mirwi pasi rose ari kushandawo nesimba mukudyara mari muUnited States kuti agadzire mahofisi makuru matsva, zvivakwa kana mitsetse yekugadzira mirwi yekuchaja muUnited States.
2. Nekukurumidza kukura kweindasitiri, musika wekuchaja wekunze kwenyika wava nyore kuchinja
2.1. Chipingamupinyi pakugadzira chiri mumodule yekuchaja, uye chipingamupinyi chekuenda kunze kwenyika chiri mu standard certification
2.1.1. Murwi weAC une zvidziviriro zvishoma, uye pakati pemurwi weDC ndiyo module yekuchaja
Zvipingamupinyi zvekugadzira zvemapombi ekuchaja eAC zvakaderera, uye module yekuchaja iri muMirwi yekuchaja yeDCndicho chinhu chikuru. Kubva pamaonero ekushanda uye magadzirirwo emuchina, kushandurwa kweAC/DC kwemotokari itsva dzinoshandisa simba kunoitika nechaja iri mumota panguva yekuchaja kweAC, saka chimiro chemurwi wekuchaja weAC chiri nyore uye mutengo wakaderera. Mukuchaja kweDC, maitiro ekushandura kubva kuAC kuenda kuDC anofanira kupedzwa mukati memurwi wekuchaja, saka anofanira kuitirwa nechaja yemodule. Chaja yemodule inokanganisa kugadzikana kwedunhu, mashandiro uye kuchengetedzeka kwemurwi wese. Ndiyo chikamu chikuru chemurwi wekuchaja weDC uye chimwe chezvikamu zvine zvipingamupinyi zvepamusoro zvehunyanzvi. Vatengesi vemodule yekuchaja vanosanganisira Huawei, Infy power, Sinexcel, nezvimwewo.
2.1.2. Kupasa chitupa chekunze kwenyika chinhu chakakosha kune mabhizinesi ekune dzimwe nyika
Zvipingamupinyi zvezvitupa zviripo mumisika yekunze kwenyika. China, Europe, neUnited States dzakapa zviyero zvechitupa zvakakodzera zvekuchaja mapombi, uye kupasa chitupa chinhu chinodiwa kuti munhu apinde mumusika. Mitemo yechitupa yeChina inosanganisira CQC, nezvimwewo, asi hapana chiyero chechitupa chinosungirwa parizvino. Mitemo yechitupa muUnited States inosanganisira UL, FCC, Energy Star, nezvimwewo. Mitemo yechitupa muEuropean Union inonyanya kuve chitupa cheCE, uye dzimwe nyika dzeEurope dzakapawo zviyero zvadzo zvechitupa zvakakamurwa. Pakazara, kuoma kwemitemo yechitupa iUnited States > Europe > China.
2.2. Musha: Kuwanda kwemabasa, makwikwi akasimba muchikamu chose chemurwi, uye kukura kwenzvimbo nguva dzose
Kuwanda kwevashandisi vemipanda yekuchaja mudzimba kwakakwira, uye kune vazhinji vanokwikwidza muchikamu chose chemipanda yekuchaja, uye marongerwo acho akapararira zvishoma. Kubva pamaonero evashandisi vemipanda yekuchaja, Telephone neXingxing Charging zvinosvika 40% yemusika wemipanda yekuchaja yeruzhinji, uye huwandu hwemusika hwakakwira zvakanyanya, CR5=69.1%, CR10=86.9%, iyo musika wemipanda yeDC yeruzhinji CR5=80.7%, Musika wemipanda yekutaurirana yeruzhinji CR5=65.8%. Tichitarisa musika wese kubva pasi kusvika kumusoro, vashandisi vakasiyana-siyana vakagadzirawo mamodheru akasiyana, akadai seTelephone, Xingxing Charging, nezvimwewo, vachiisa kumusoro nekudzika kwecheni yemaindasitiri kusanganisira maitiro ese ekugadzira, uye kunewo akadai seXiaoju Charging, Cloud Quick Charging, nezvimwewo zvinoshandisa chiedza. Modhi yeasset inopa mhinduro dzechitatu dzemugadziri wemipanda kana mushandi wemupanda wese. Kune vagadziri vazhinji vemipanda yese muChina. Kunze kwemamodheru ekubatanidza akamira akadai seTelephone neStar Charging, chimiro chose chemipanda chakapararira zvishoma.
Huwandu hwemapombi emagetsi eruzhinji munyika yangu hunotarisirwa kusvika mamiriyoni 7.6 panosvika gore ra2030. Tichifunga nezvekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yemotokari itsva dzemagetsi munyika yangu uye kuronga kwemitemo yenyika, matunhu nemaguta, zvinofungidzirwa kuti panosvika 2025 na2030, huwandu hwemapombi emagetsi eruzhinji muChina huchasvika mamiriyoni 4.4 nemamiriyoni 7.6 zvichiteerana, uye 2022-2025E ne2025E CAGR ye -2030E i35.7% ne11.6% zvichiteerana. Panguva imwe chete, huwandu hwemapombi emagetsi ekukurumidza eruzhinji mumapombi eruzhinji huchawedzerawo zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti panosvika 2030, 47.4% yemapombi emagetsi eruzhinji achava mapombi emagetsi ekukurumidza, zvichiwedzera ruzivo rwevashandisi.
2.3. Europe: Kuvakwa kwemapombi ekuchaja kuri kukurumidza, uye huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja nekukurumidza huri kuwedzera
Semuenzaniso, huwandu hwemakambani anotengesa mapombi ekuchaja pamusika hwakaderera pane hweChina. Seimwe yenyika huru dzesimba idzva muEurope, huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja paruzhinji muUK huchava 9.9% muna 2022. Kubva pamaonero emusika weBritish charger pile, huwandu hwese hwemusika hwakaderera pane hwemusika weChina. Mumusika wepublic charger pile, ubitricity, Pod Point, bp pulse, nezvimwewo zvine musika wakakwira, CR5=45.3%. Mapombi ekuchaja paruzhinji nekukurumidza uye mapombi ekuchaja anokurumidza. Pakati pawo, InstaVolt, bp pulse, uye Tesla Supercharger (kusanganisira akavhurika uye chaiwo eTesla) zvaive zvinopfuura 10%, uye CR5=52.7%. Padivi rese rekugadzira mapombi, vatambi vakuru vemusika vanosanganisira ABB, Siemens, Schneider nedzimwe hofori dzemaindasitiri mumunda wemagetsi, pamwe nemakambani emagetsi anoita marongerwo eindasitiri yekuchaja kuburikidza nekutenga. Semuenzaniso, BP yakatenga imwe yemakambani makuru ekuchaja mota dzemagetsi muUK muna 2018. 1. Chargemaster naShell vakatenga ubitricity nevamwe muna 2021 (BP naShell vese imakambani makuru emafuta).
Muna 2030, huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja eruzhinji muEurope hunotarisirwa kusvika mamiriyoni 2.38, uye huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja nekukurumidza hucharamba huchiwedzera. Sekureva kwefungidziro, panosvika 2025 na2030, huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja eruzhinji muEurope huchasvika mamiriyoni 1.2 nemamiriyoni 2.38 zvichiteerana, uye CAGR ye2022-2025E ne2025E-2030E ichave 32.8% ne14.7% zvichiteerana. ichatonga, asi huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja eruzhinji huri kuwedzerawo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti panosvika 2030, 20.2% yemapombi ekuchaja eruzhinji ichave mapombi ekuchaja nekukurumidza.
2.4. United States: Nzvimbo yemusika inochinjika, uye mabrandi emuno ari kutonga pari zvino
Kuwanda kwemakambani anochaja ma network muUnited States kwakakwira kupfuura muChina neEurope, uye ma brand emuno ndiwo anotonga. Kubva pamaonero ehuwandu hwenzvimbo dzekuchaja ma network, ChargePoint iri pamberi nechikamu che54.9%, ichiteverwa neTesla ne10.9% (kusanganisira Level 2 neDC Fast), ichiteverwa neBlink neSemaCharge, ayo ariwo makambani ekuAmerica. Kubva pamaonero ehuwandu hwenzvimbo dzekuchaja dzeEVSE, ChargePoint ichiri yakakwira kupfuura mamwe makambani, ichisvika 39.3%, ichiteverwa neTesla, ichisvika 23.2% (kusanganisira Level 2 neDC Fast), ichiteverwa nemakambani ekuAmerica akawanda.
Muna 2030, huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja eruzhinji muUnited States hunotarisirwa kusvika mamiriyoni 1.38, uye huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja nekukurumidza hucharamba huchikwira. Sekureva kwefungidziro, panosvika 2025 na2030, huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja eruzhinji muUnited States huchasvika 550,000 ne1.38 miriyoni zvichiteerana, uye CAGR ye2022-2025E ne2025E-2030E ichave 62.6% ne20.2%, zvichiteerana. Kufanana nemamiriro ezvinhu muEurope, mapombi ekuchaja zvishoma nezvishoma achiri kutora ruzhinji, asi huwandu hwemapombi ekuchaja nekukurumidza hucharamba huchikwira. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti panosvika 2030, 27.5% yemapombi ekuchaja eruzhinji achava mapombi ekuchaja nekukurumidza.
2.5. Kuverenga Nzvimbo yeMusika
Zvichibva paongororo yataurwa pamusoro apa yeindasitiri yezvekuchaja mapuranga ehurumende muChina, Europe, neUnited States, zvinofungidzirwa kuti huwandu hwemapombi ehurumende achakura paCAGR mukati menguva ya2022-2025E, uye huwandu hwemapombi matsva anowedzerwa gore rega rega huchawanikwa nekubvisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvakachengetwa. Panyaya yemutengo weyuniti yechigadzirwa, mapombi emumba anochaja zvishoma nezvishoma anotengeswa pa2,000-4,000 yuan/seti, uye mitengo yekunze iri 300-600 madhora/seti (ndiko kuti, 2,100-4,300 yuan/seti). Mutengo wemapombi emagetsi emumba e120kW anochaja nekukurumidza i50,000-70,000 yuan/seti, nepo mutengo wemapombi emagetsi ekunze e50-350kW anochaja nekukurumidza uchigona kusvika 30,000-150,000 madhora/seti, uye mutengo wemapombi emagetsi e120kW anochaja nekukurumidza ungangoita 50,000-60,000 madhora/seti. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti panosvika gore ra2025, nzvimbo yese yemusika yemapombi emagetsi everuzhinji muChina, Europe, neUnited States ichasvika 71.06 bhiriyoni yuan.
3. Kuongororwa kwemakambani makuru
Makambani ekune dzimwe nyika ari muindasitiri yekuchaja matanda anosanganisira ChargePoint, EVBox, Blink, BP Pulse, Shell, ABB, Siemens, nezvimwewo. Makambani emuno anosanganisira Autel, Sinexcel,CHINAEVSE, TGOOD, Gresgying, nezvimwewo. Pakati pavo, makambani emuno akaitawo kufambira mberi mukuenda kunze kwenyika. Semuenzaniso, zvimwe zvigadzirwa zveCHINAEVSE zvakawana chitupa cheUL, CSA, Energy Star muUnited States uye CE, UKCA, MID certification muEuropean Union. CHINAEVSE yakapinda muBP List yevatengesi nevagadziri vemapombi ekuchaja.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-10-2023